5. The semicolon (;)

The semicolon marks a greater pause than that indicated by the comma:

The semicolon is used instead of the comma to separate from each other parts of a sentence that are already separated by commas:

Examples:

There are two things I knew about him: first,, his date of birth; second, his date of death.

It is used to separate pairs of words:

Principal, principle;

Gate, gait;

Check, cheque

6. The colon (:)

The colon marks a still longer pause than the one indicated by the semicolon.

The colon is used to introduce a quotation or speech:

Examples:

Shakespeare says’ “Sweet are the uses of adversity.”

It is used before enumerations.

Examples:

The chief properties of hydrogen are:

a. It is colorless.

b. It is odorless.

c. It is combustible.

7. The Dash (-)

The is used to mark a break or abrupt turn in a sentence:

Examples:

If only I had saved the child- but why regret the past?

Before or after a list:

Examples:

She had two sons – Pran and Prem.

Pran and Prem – She had two sons.

8. The Hyphen (-)

The hyphen is half the length of the dash. It is used to form compound words:

Examples:

Hard-heated, pro – Congress, out-of-date, brother-in-law.

9. The Apostrophe (‘)

The apostrophe is used to form the possessive case of animate objects and nouns showing time and distance:

Examples:

Rama’s scooter; boy’s books, a week’s time.

To indicate the omission of some letter or letters.

It’s = it is

E’er = ever

Can’t = cannot

To form the plurals of letters:

There are two t’s in the word “allotted.”

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